ABSTRACT Subdural empyemas, both spontaneous or as a complication in the evolution of subdural hematomas, are an uncommon fact of which there are few publications in literature. In this review we analyze a retrospective serie of 15 cases operated in HUAP in a period of 15 years. In general we don't observed differences in the outcome using different surgical techniques, both in those treated by craniectomy as those treated by craniotomy. Also we don't observed differences in those treated with or without drainage. In the same way is clear that the optimal period of antibiotic treatment must be 3-4 weeks to fully cover them. None of the cases treated, needed reintervention.

RESUMEN: Los empiemas subdurales, tanto los de aparición espontánea o como complicación en la evolución de un hematoma subdural (HSD), son infrecuentes y de los cuales existen pocas publicaciones en la literatura(1). En este trabajo se revisa una serie de 15 casos operados en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP) en un período de 15 años. Se observó que en general tienen buena evolución con el tratamiento instaurado en forma oportuna y que son larvados en su presentación, pudiendo llegar a ser diagnosticados incluso en el intraoperatorio. No se observó diferencia en su evolución cuando se operaron a través de una craniectomía o de una craneotomía (plaqueta)(2). No se encontró tampoco diferencia cuando se trataron con o sin drenaje. Como consenso general, deben ser tratados con antibioticoterapia prolongada de al menos 3-4 semanas para controlar el foco infeccioso(2). Ninguno de los casos revisados requirió de reintervención.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Endometriosis is one of the main gynecological pathologies that affects women of reproductive age. There are many theories regarding its physiopathology highlighting genetic and epigenetic alterations, hormonal imbalances and other factors such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress; but actually, its origin continues to be unknown. Recent studies have implicated oxidative stress and the consequent generation of oxygen free radicals in the physiopathology of the entity through the generation of chronic pelvic inflammation. The objective of this study is to corroborate that there are oxidative stress pathways that are altered in these patients. Methods: An analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers in blood plasma will be carried out, including carbonylated protein levels and the oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio (GSSG / GSH), comparing the results in patients with endometriosis (n = 19) versus a control group (n = 11). Results: there is an increase of carbonylated proteins in patients with endometriosis (p <0.041). There were no statistically significant differences in relation to the GSSG/GSH ratio or GSH levels. Conclusion: there is evidence to relate oxidative stress to the pathophysiology of endometriosis, without being able to determine to date which oxidation pathways are involved.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La endometriosis es una de las principales patologías ginecológicas que afecta a mujeres en edad reproductiva. Existen muchas teorías en cuanto a su fisiopatología destacando las alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas, los desbalances hormonales y otros factores como la inflamación crónica y el estrés oxidativo; pero en realidad, su origen continúa siendo desconocido. Estudios recientes han implicado al estrés oxidativo y la consecuente generación de radicales libres de oxígeno en la fisiopatología de la entidad mediante la generación de inflamación crónica pélvica. El objetivo de este estudio es corroborar que existen vías de estrés oxidativo que se encuentran alteradas en estas pacientes. Métodos: Se realizará un análisis de marcadores de estrés oxidativo en plasma sanguíneo, entre ellos los niveles de proteínas carboniladas y el cociente glutatión oxidado/glutatión reducido (GSSG/GSH), comparando los resultados en pacientes con endometriosis (n=19) versus un grupo control (n=11). Resultados: existe un incremento de las proteínas carboniladas en las pacientes con endometriosis (p < 0,041). No se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación al cociente GSSG/GSH o a los niveles de GSH. Conclusión: existe evidencia para relacionar al estrés oxidativo con la fisiopatología de la endometriosis, sin poder determinar a día de hoy que vías de oxidación están implicadas.

A flow injection system using a new and/or re-used graphite screen-printed electrode modified with silver hexacyanoferrate and a Nafion® polymer layer (AgHCF/GSPE) was employed for the determination of ascorbic acid in orange juice and drugs samples. Both modified electrodes showed an initial sensitivity of 0.015 A.cm²־.M¹־, with a linear response over the range from 50 to 300 mg L¹ , relative standard deviations smaller than 2%, detection and quantification limits of c.a. 5.0 and 25.0 mg.L¹. The response of the electrodes was stable, with no variation of base line after 6-8 hours of continuous operation. With this system it is possible to measure 65-70 samples (20μΚ) per hour. By using 1.06 mg of AgNO3, 4.12 mg of K3Fe(CN)6, 50.5 mg of KNO3 and 800μL of HNO3, it is possible to obtain between 25 and 30 modified electrodes. The proposed system showed to be inexpensive, versatile, robust and suitable for industrial application. The surface morphology of the bare and/or modified graphite screen-printed electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy.

Otimizamos um procedimento para a detreminação de zinco em água do mar usando voltametria de redissolução de onda quadrada (SWAdsV) com 8-hidroxiquinolina (oxina) como adsorvente e agente complexante. Inicialmente um estudo univariante da corrente máxima do complexo Zn-Ox em função do pH foi feito para obter os valores adequados de corrente. Posteriormente as condições experimentais foram selecionadas usando um planejamento multivariado experimental. Variaveis como pH, concentração de oxina (Cox), tempo (t ads) e potencial (Eads) de adsorção foram otimizados. O primeiro passo de otmimização foi um planejamento fatorial de 2(4) com 16 medidas, usando valores altos e baixos e tres medidas no ponto central (10.0 μg L-1 Zn(II)). Analises de variança mostraram que o pH e a Cox foram os fatores mais significantes, enquanto t ads e Eads não foram significativos, sendo mantidos constantes nos experimentos seguintes. Para encontrar então os valores ótimos de pH e Cox um planejamento fatorial de 2(2+*) foi usado. Os melhores paramentros experimentais foram pH 6,0; Cox 25 μmol L-1; t ads = 10 s e Eads = -0,70 V. Nessas condições o pico de corrente era proporcional a concentração de zinco, no intervalo 0,1-48,0 μg L-1, com um limite de detecção de 0,05 μg L-1. A reprodutibilidade para soluções de zinco de 5,0 μg L-1 foi de 1,9% (n = 16). O método foi validado usando-se água do mar sintética (ASTM D665) com adição de zinco, amostra de água do mar referenciada (CRM-SW, Zn 5 μg kg-1) e amostra de água do mar refernciada com padrão interno (GBW08607, Zn 5 mg kg-1) com resultados satisfatórios. O método pode ser aplicado para a determinação de zinco II em água do mar, sem tratamento prévio.

A procedure for the determination of zinc in sea water by square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) using 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) as an adsorbing and complexing agent has been optimized. First, a univariate study of the Zn-Ox complex peak current as a function of pH was carried out choosing values at which adequate currents were obtained. Then, selection of the experimental conditions was made using a multivariate experimental design. Variables like pH, oxine concentration (Cox), adsorption time (t ads) and adsorption potential (Eads) were optimized. The first optimization step was a 2(4) factorial design with 16 measurements made choosing high and low levels, and three measurements at the central point (Zn(II) 10.0 μg L-1). Analysis of variance showed that pH and Cox were the most significant factors, while t ads and Eads were not significant and were kept constant in later measurements. Next, to find the optimum values for pH and Cox a 2² + star factorial design was used. The best experimental parameters were pH = 6.0; Cox = 25 μmol L-1; t ads = 10 s and Eads = -0.70 V. Under these conditions the peak current was proportional to the concentration of zinc over the 0.1-48.0 μg L-1 range, with a detection limit of 0.05 μg L-1. Reproducibility for 5.0 μg mL-1 Zn(II) solution was 1.9 % (n = 16). The method was validated using spiked synthetic sea water (ASTM D665), sea water reference material (CRM-SW. Zn 5 μg kg-1) and fortified water reference material (GBW08607. Zn 5 mg kg-1) with satisfactory results. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of Zn(II) in sea water samples without prior treatment.

Introduction: Increasing the level of our patients’ independence is a constant premise in the execution of our care and also has served as the basis for some of the theories that have given form to our conceptual framework. The target of our work is to determine how the patients' level of independence changes after a period of hospital stay. Methodology: Descriptive and analytic study. The reference population is the patients entered in the Hospital of Montilla, Córdoba included in the assistance processes of the Medical or Orthopedic Departments. Results: We made a hypothesis contrast to check if there were statistically significant differences among the Barthel scale at hospital check in and the Barthel scale at hospital check out. We used the parametric test of the t of Student for paired groups. The level of independence increases as much in the patients included in the assistance processes of Medical Department (5.93 IC 95 %: 3.64-8.22; p<0.0005) as Orthopedic Department (18.69 IC 95 %: 14.06-23.32; p<0.0005). In Medical processes, the increase of the independence is greater when the patients' stay is longer (although the correlation is weak). Discussion: We review the results of diverse studies that have studied the dependency-independence of patients in diverse contexts: Hospitals, Nursing Units, and Geriatric Centers.

Introducción: Aumentar el nivel de independencia de nuestros pacientes, es una premisa constante en la ejecución de nuestros cuidados y además ha servido de fundamento para algunas de las teorías que han dado forma a nuestro marco conceptual. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es determinar como varía el nivel de independencia de los pacientes tras un período de ingreso hospitalario. Metodología: Estudio de tipo descriptivo y analítico. La población de referencia son los pacientes ingresados en el Hospital de Montilla (Córdoba) incluídos en los procesos asistenciales de tipo Médico o Traumatológico. Resultados: realizamos contraste de hipótesis para comprobar si hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el índice de Barthel al ingreso y el índice de Barthel al alta. Empleamos la prueba paramétrica de la t de Student para grupos apareados. El nivel de independencia aumenta tanto en los pacientes incluídos en los procesos asistenciales de tipo Médico (5,93 IC 95%: 3,64-8,22; p<0,0005) como Traumatológico (18,69 IC 95%: 14,06-23,32; p<0,0005). En los procesos de tipo Médico, a mayor estancia hospitalaria del paciente, el aumento de la independencia es mayor (aunque la correlación es débil). Discusión: reseñamos los resultados de diversos estudios que han estudiado la dependencia independencia de los pacientes en diversos contextos: hospitales, unidades de enfermería, centros geriátricos.